Internet of Things

We have witnessed increase in usage of network connected devices in recent years. Internet of Things is gaining popularity from research point of view to help making our life even better. Numerous sensors, RFID and actuators are being used with set of mobile applications and software to reach this objective. While industry is shifting to what is called “The Next Big Thing” , it is important to understand what we may conquer during our journey of fully connected world. In this paper, we will explain what is Internet of Things; How does it matter to industry; what is our current situation; what challenges we may face and what is the future of IoT.

What Is the Internet of Things?

 Advent of internet gave birth to information era and changed how we live and perceive the world around us. If internet helped in collecting data from numerous resources, information era took the advantage of processing that data in to useful information. Thereafter, .dot com boom gave a whole new perspective to the businesses in order to become much more efficient and intelligent. Computer systems, applications, software and websites communicating over internet or intranet to process information became integral part of any business. Internet and information systems have not only made us more productive but have also helped us in expanding the horizons of our imagination. We have witnessed an era of human interaction with computer systems to exchange information. So far, these two worlds, computer world and human world, existed almost separately. What happens when technology starts to enter in our physical world? What happens when technology starts to touch every aspect of physical objects and shape our day to day decisions or actions? What is the next big thing? To answer all these questions lets unpack Internet of things (IoT). Internet of things (IoT), in its most basic description, is network of physical objects, which are capable of sending and receiving data. These objects uses sensor and actuators and send data to processing units, which can be an application running on smart phone, IPad or a software running on computer.  These objects are not just connected to the end user but are also connected with each other in order to exchange information. Imagine our physical world where refrigerator, car, washing machine, Air conditions, Phones, keys, doors, glasses, watches etc. are all connected and communicating with each other to land us in a whole new smart world. For instance, what if jar of milk in the refrigerator is able to signals when it is running out of milk and puts the item in the list for next online order? ; cars can sense and schedule maintenance ; trains use real time data for more accurate schedule are report real time arrival time to the passengers. (Niewolny 2013). It will give us whole new capabilities to act in real time based on information from our physical objects. We have seen smart phone revolution and its impact on economy. Internet of Things (IoT) is anticipated to create a “smart revolution” of smart homes, smart appliances, smart grids, Smart Health, Smart energy, Smart ecosystem, Smart cars etc. Refer to Figure 1: Use of Sensors and Smart World revolution (Morgan 2014).

                                                Figure 1. Use of Sensors and Smart World revolution

Ultimate goal behind internet of things is reducing human intervention and helping humans to make informed decisions.

How does it matter?

According to Metcalfe’s law, Total value of a communications network is proportional to the square of the number of connected compatible communicating devices. Internet of things is going to bring a tidal wave of devices connected to network. With each of these devices becoming a node to the network, network and usage of such devices would grow exponentially. According to a study by Gartner, Number of connected devices is going to increase exponentially as depicted in below graph (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Number of connected devices is anticipated to grow (Gartner n.d.)

When a device is connected to network, it becomes easy to monitor and manage the device so each of these devices would become manageable remotely.  As IOT protocol would allow devices to communicate each other, devices will be able to make important decisions based on the data and information received from other devices. We will be able manage the devices and monitor their usage, their health and most importantly: use the information provided by these devices to make decisions.

Although, application area of Internet of Things is huge; below is brief description of some of the anticipated application areas for IoT.

IoT and Smart Cities:

With the increasing population in cities; the future role of cities government would require managing city’s resources effectively and efficiently. Internet of things will help in developing smart cities. IoT will help in building smart infrastructure to support smart planning, smart traffic management; smart parking; smart waste management; smart Roads; better pollution control, noise control, Forest fire management; Water management: water leakage detection, Chemical levels detection; smart information and communication technology; Smart Lighting; smart buildings and efficient use of city resources. IOT will provide required platform to manage these resources intelligently through the use of connected sensors, which can send the required information so that decisions can be made to prevent the issues.

IoT and Manufacturing:

Industry experts are anticipating that Fourth industrial revolution is going to be Internet of things following- steam engine; the conveyor belt; and the first phase of IT and automation technology. (Löffler 2013) . Internet of things holds true potential to bring revolution in manufacturing industry. There are numerous applications for IOT in a factory or manufactory industry. For instance, these applications can provide intelligent access of manufacturing units to the required stakeholders to monitor production logistics and make business decisions at the right time.

Potential of linking the products with their information and allowing them to interact with each other would bring information world and materialistic world in the industry together to reduce human intervention. It would mean a whole new area for fusion of mechanical engineering and Information technology. For example, a unit of raw material can determine if it is the building block of a product A for Customer B. If we think extensive use of IoT in the industry in future years then these materials would already have the information of customers and processing.

Industry has seen huge improvement in Supply chain management. With IoT, Supply change management can be taken one step forward to control flow of materials, effective management of inventory costs and capital required. IoT is expected to drive the industry in whole new direction. (Löffler 2013).

Iot and Smart Homes:

Internet of things would help in building smart homes, infrastructure and energy efficient buildings. We have witnessed the control of various entertainment devices via single communication channel, IOT would take us one step further where our day to day physical objects are connected to network and can communicate useful information via sensors. We are already witnessing first phase of smart homes era.

Smart Home : Source : (Jason 2014)

Increasing use of IoT would make homes even smarter. As discussed, IoT will allow devices to interact with each other and take appropriate actions , as programmed. This will allow use of information from a given sensor in numerous ways. For example, a motion sensor can be used for multiple applications such as: the security system, home health system (to detect motion/lack of motion) , home temperature control system ,lightening system. (Cees 2014).

IoT and Energy Resources, Smart Grids:

Our Future of energy supply depends largely on efficient usage of energy resources. Internet of things, with the use of sensors and actuators, will allow objects to act intelligently based on various parameters and help make these objects as energy efficient objects. When each device can be energy efficient then is it possible to act on the information collected by these devices and manage our energy grids smartly? Answer is ,Yes. IoT can help in building smart grids to a great extent.

Most critical factor in effective electricity delivery is managing the peak demand. Information produced by smart electric devices can help in analyzing the patterns to many times better if we have information from all these devices. For example, during a hot day, all people run air conditioner; use refrigerator more frequently to eat or drink and then wash those utensils. If it is hot enough then they may stay home and do some laundry and turn music or entertainment systems on. All these activities can increase the load on the grid even if grid is running at peak demand. Grid uses off peak hours by preparing itself for the usage in peak hours. Smart grid can help consumers devices participate in deciding the patterns .It has the capability to offer consumers participation by control mechanisms that encourage use of such devices when load on grid is less, may be middle of night. IoT offers great potential in the area energy efficiency, which has become prominent around the globe from last couple of decades.

IoT and Smart Health:

Another important area of IOT, smart health, has already proved its potential and future scope. Convergence of sensors, information technology and analytics will help monitoring individual health even better. This will not only help for preventive care solutions but will also help those patients, who require continuous support and medical services. Wearable technologies gadgets have already become a new trend in the market and are anticipated to grow at a very fast pace. These gadgets track heart rate, calories burnt, sleep cycles, body weight, BMI etc to monitor health and take appropriate decisions at the right time.

IoT and Businesses:

Internet of things will provide a whole new perspective for business to take intelligent decisions. Through the effective use of information provided by sensors and actuators business can track each move of customers to take intelligent decisions. For instance, Auto insurance companies can track actual usage and mileage of automobiles to provide relevant insurance pricing and businesses can gain competitive advantage.

Above mentioned applications for Internet of things are just tips of iceberg, analytics applied on the information provided by these devices open several combinations for business to become intelligent and efficient.

Where do we stand today?

If we are thinking that Internet of things would take long time to become reality then we are incorrect. Internet of things has already started gaining its market share, especially in last couple of years. We have already started walking down the road, which leads to unprecedented opportunities. Big market players have already realized the potential of IoT and have started acting on providing a framework to take advantage of IoT. If Samsung Galaxy Gear series of smart watches provide an interface to use important functions of your smart phone right from your wrist then Fit bit smart band acts as your fitness companion and allows you to monitor each and every move with respect to your fitness. Recent entry of google glasses presented an incredible example of augmented reality and a whole new use case to wearable technologies. Oculas Rift, offers virtual reality technology, has proved how the IoT is going to take us to whole new world. Below are some of the use cases that are currently available or are under development in the industry (postscapes n.d.),refer to Table 1. List of some of the existing applications

Category	Application	Brief Description
Health	Baby Monitor by MiMo	Smart device that helps you monitor baby’s breathe temperature, movement and sleep right from your android or iphone device.
	Glow cap by Vitality	Helps you remember to take your medicines.
	Smart band from Fit Bit	Helps you track your activities levels from an android or iphone app or a web interface.
	Ingestible pill sensors by Proteus Digitial health	Ingestible Sensors, approved by FDA, mounted on your medicines that determine when you took your medicines and what medicine you took.
	Senior Safety system by Be close	Set of sensors at home or via wearable gadgets that helps in monitoring health of an aging family member.
	Body Guardian system by Preventice	Set of Sensors that allow doctors to monitor a patient’s biometric data remotely.
Home	Sensors for Smart Home by Nest	Sensors to increase energy saving and save on utility bills in your home and help you manage your home remotely.
	WeMO Switch by belkin	Smart plug that allows to swtich on and off any device connected with the plug from via a smart phone.
	Key locators by Bikn	Sensors that can help find out lost keys, cellphones or items if these smarts tags are attached the lost devices.
	Smart lights by Philip’s	Helps you light your home in all new way by turning colors of lights as programmed and turning on and off when no one is in the room etc.
	Avoid Disasters by Ninja Blocks	Helps you avoid disaster by set of motion sensors and other sensors to monitor activities ranging from detecting basement water pipe burst to suspicious activity.
	Wireless plant monitoring	Set of sensors helps you to keep your plants alive and healthy by allowing you to monitor the actual needs of the plants efficiently and correctly.
City	Smart Trash by Big belly	Sensors that can help in keeping streets and city clean by detecting right time to empty the bin
	ParkSight™ 2.0 by StreetLine	Helps in monitoring the parking needs in the streets and take appropriate data decisions.
	SenseNet solution to use electricity more efficiently	Clamp sensors to measure the current on the line, detect any issue and send the collected information back for further analysis.
	Smart lighting system	Echelon provides smart lightning system to Light streets more effectively by adjusting the amount of light required depending on weather conditions and time
Industry	Maintain & Repair	Set of anticipated sensors and devices that can send device life and threshold data to manufacturer to help in detecting repairs and maintenance.
	Stop Guessing	In progress, In store analysis devices for retailers that will help to analyze how customer is choosing a specific product and store lay out relationships.
	Smart Structures	To ensure the quality of the structure and concrete, these sensors provide monitoring data during and after construction.
	Smart Farm Solution	To monitor and keep track of weather conditions, pesticides usage and soil moisture levels to spot crop issues remotely.
	Smart Safety Equipment	Set of smart safety equipment solutions that monitor any malfunctioning, blockage, pressure levels and send notification via email, and phone text to the authority.
	Sight Machine	Solution to monitor any part’s physical characteristics to provide quality and consistency by use of sensors , lasers and cameras.

                                                Table 1 : List of some of the existing applications=

Technology, Internet of Things and Market Readiness:

There are certain challenges and changes that industry would come across during realization of IoT. Let’s unpack a little more to discuss some of these challenges.

Semantic interpretability:

We are already in the middle of an era where lot of Machine-To-Machine communication is happening; information about refilling sent by vending machine and connectivity in parking meters devices are some of the examples of Machine-To-Machine communication. However, so far these devices are able to exchange information within their own domain or in other words information is not interoperable. To achieve the vision of IoT, we need different methods and techniques. IoT will bring plethora of devices on network and these heterogeneous devices need to communicate with each other to exchange information. A pictorial example is shown below in Figure 3: A depiction of network connected devices (Vermesan and Friess n.d.).

Figure 3: A depiction of network connected devices

To uncover the true potential of IoT, it is essential that these objects offer interoperability at multiple levels: hardware level and software level.  Information produced by devices of one domain by Vendor ‘A’ needs to be comprehended by devices of Vendor ‘B’ in another domain. Heterogeneity of data sources and applications require data to be presented in a uniform way; Technologies based on semantic interoperability are anticipated to be back bone of IoT. It will allow data definition on the web in a way that all network devices can comprehend the data and use it for automation and reusability (Khriyenko 2012). Semantic technologies will enable these devices to become sharable and reusable.

Data center management:

Another important aspect of IoT is managing the huge data produced by IoT.We have seen unprecedented growth in data, especially in last several years. With IoT, it is anticipated that IoT installation base will increase to 26 billion by 2020 and the connected devices will spread to the entire globe. With IoT, data is going to explode and going to put new challenges for data center management. (Gartner 2014). This tremendous amount of data would be analyzed and processed in real time. Data management challenges such as storage management, privacy, security and data center network need to be addressed. Data center’s vendors need to prepare for anticipated change in these areas and proactively act on changing market dynamics. "The recent trend to centralize applications to reduce costs and increase security is incompatible with the IoT. Organizations will be forced to aggregate data in multiple distributed mini data centers where initial processing can occur. Relevant data will then be forwarded to a central site for additional processing." (Gartner 2014). These changing market dynamics will impact existing design and architecture of data centers; new architectures to utilize the full potential of virtualization, as well as cloud services would be required to meet the business needs.

Consequently, back up and disaster recovery plans would require revision as it may not be possible to replicate all raw data; organization will have to shift towards selective backup strategy.

Changes in Infrastructure:

Our current IT infrastructure was meant to bring computers, phones, printers and servers on network. However, IoT is going to bring all possible heterogeneous devices on network and is anticipated to increase network traffic to a large extent. Cost is going to be one of the major driving forces with IoT and low cost devices would require a whole new design of our infrastructure to reduce cost and complexity. Infrastructure needs to be flexible enough to support BYOD-bring your own device protocol for this huge set of devices. Infrastructure would play very important role in extending the usage of IoT . Semantic modelling of the devices present under a given network would play significant role towards facilitating the communication exchange. Infrastructure needs to provide semantic modelling to make it simple for users to bring any devices on the network and still be able to connect to other devices.

Another Important attribute would be Plug and play integration. Current heterogeneity associated with IoT and their usage in specific domain requires cumbersome procedure for deployment. To realize the dream of true IoT, these devices needs to come out of their domain and start interacting with all devices around their world, in other words IoT needs to be horizontally compatible with all other devices in the vicinity. This would not be possible without infrastructure support; Infrastructure needs to be able to bring these devices to network as easy as any other plug and play device. On the network layer this integration needs to support required communication between the devices.

                Geo –location based discovery would also have an important role to play in the IoT world. As IoT is meant to enter in to physical world so it is important to derive decisions based on the physical location of the device ; infrastructure need to support the discovery and physical location of the devices and it would not be very optimistic to say that these services would need to become part of infrastructure.

The most challenging part for infrastructure to support the world of IoT would be ensuring security and Privacy.  Infrastructure needs to account for heterogeneity of the devices and offer security and privacy. Infrastructure needs to provide required support for authentication, authorization, integrity, confidentiality and identification. (Vermesan and Friess n.d.)

Network Readiness:

We are already in the era where we are stretching the network bandwidths. On one side industry is making promises about the bright future of IoT and on the other side we are dealing with network capacity limitations. With IoT , data traffic is not only anticipated to be increased on intranet but also on internet. Net neutrality is still an open issue with regard to open internet access. Recent accusation of Netflix and YouTube on ISPs gives us an idea how well prepared our networks are for IoT. In the survey of 400 IT professionals Coleman Parks Research Ltd. Found that 86 percent of participants mentioned that they understand how network traffic is going to be increased in coming years with IoT. (Andrew 2014). . If we want to uncover the true potential of IoT then we need to act now.

Mobile network operators have seen dramatic impact in data traffic with Revolution in smart phone industry. IoT is going to make the situation for Mobile network providers even harder with more support for data traffic. Therefore, MNo’s (Mobile Network operators) need to keep pace with changing market dynamics to handle the future data traffic (Amyx 2014). Many ISPs and MNO’s have already started investing in their infrastructure to support increase data traffic on the networks. Anticipated explosion of IoT is going to force industry to rethink new architecture to efficiently manage the unprecedented data traffic.

Device Level Energy Issues :

To handle the estimated growth of connected devices in coming future, we need to devise solution to effectively power up these devices. Looking at our current energy capabilities and reducing energy resources, it will be very difficult to power up billions of devices in the future. Therefore, industry needs to come up with solutions to use unconventional sources of power to power up these devices to realize the world of true IoT. We have seen recent research in this area, for instance: energy-harvesting radio that draws power from solar cells from low-end calculators by Kansas State University and devices that can convert vibration in to energy (Sharma 2013)are some of the examples where further research needs to be done to come up with energy solutions.

IOT and Standardization:

Heterogeneity of the devices brought up by IoT would require industry standards to be implemented so that Machine to Machine communication is possible. We are talking about an era which is going to reshape how human interact with the technology and it is utmost important to keep in mind that this world needs to have certain level of flexibility. It is necessary to bring these devices from their silos to an environment where they can interact with any other device across different industry verticals. For Instance, In a smart home it should be possible to replace a thermostat sensor of Vendor A with thermostat sensor of Vendor B and still be able to communicate with other devices of smart home without any changes in configurations. It is only possible when industry comes on a common platform and standardizes Machine to Machine communication to facilitate interoperability of devices.

Change in business Processes:

Business processes have undergone several changes in the past to embrace the technology benefits and have benefitted to a huge extend. Use of sensors , actuators, and RFID is further going to facilitate businesses to be improved and even smarter. Advent of ERP solutions helped industry to use the technology and standardize the business processes. In order to take advantage of IoT , Business process would be required to reengineered and tailored .IoT devices are meant to reduce human intervention and facilitate automation in the industry to a whole new level. With reducing prices and anticipated growth of IoT , business processes will soon require tailoring in the process flow to infuse the automation provided by IoT. This automation and integration of these devices would not be possible unless IoT devices are considered as process resources, which can be assigned responsibilities. Representation of sensors and actuators of the IoT in a business process model is one of the challenges that business would face to include real-time resources in standard business processes to support BPM lifecycle. Therefore, IoT devices would have to be considered as process resources in an integrated ERP solution to reengineer business processes. Use of IoT would not be limited to one department of business; IoT will provide whole new ways to marketing, product ordering, delivering, customer services and analytics. Hence, it is important for business to be able to cater this new technology requirement to take full advantage of changing market dynamics. (Meyer 2014)

Security and Privacy:

Each device of IoT would be as much prone to security or privacy risks as any computer connected to internet is today. More we are going towards open network and network of things, our data is less secured and private. When things connected to network out numbers the people connected to internet then security and privacy is going to be at risk, undoubtedly. This would be interesting to find out can we put the security and privacy at risk for the sake of convenience? For IoT to become ubiquitous, consumers would have to trust security and privacy embedded in the devices from a small manufacturer versus a big manufacturer. This would not be possible without strict regulations, standardizations and protocols to ensure secured communication among the devices. World of IoT can’t be built on the foundation of compromised data. Security breaches and privacy incidents in the history of internet have proved that our security and privacy protocols require periodic changes. With the trend of IoT , these protocols would require changes from the architecture perspective to ensure consumer data is secured. Industry can’t wait and watch to see how security and privacy of these devices evolve over the years; industry needs to act proactively to provide solutions. (Amaduo 2014)

IoT and big data:

Another and the most important side of IoT is information produced by IoT. IoT is not about bringing devices on network and collecting data; it is about acting on that data. IoT and effective use of the data produced by IoT can help in addressing various challenges that industry and world is facing today. IoT is going to revolutionize the how data has been interpreted so far in the industry; Next wave would not just be limited to matching certain keywords , it is going to draw patterns and inferences based on semantic and descriptions and how individuals describe themselves use the physical world around them. (Giplin 2014) Massive data from numerous devices come with huge responsibility to manage and make effective use of the data. Therefore, one of the challenges for the industry would be to design better tools for analytics, which can interpret this massive data into useful information. Data decisions are already prevalent in the industry and have helped industry to realize huge profits. New information resources will further help industry to strengthen the data decision capabilities. However, having just basic analytical skills won’t help to unleash the true potential from the data provided by IoT. Industry will not only need people to provide solutions for a given problem but also need people to pick right problems and provide creative solution using massive data. (Violino 2013).Industry would therefore need skills that are coupled with business understanding and can help in aligning the information from these resources with business decisions. Data scientists, who have both analytics and business skills, would need to make use analytics tools in order to recognize patterns and draw inferences from these new sources of information.

Digital Divide:

Undoubtedly, IoT have numerous benefits for the businesses but what about the social impact of IoT? We have witnessed the digital divide , the gap between people who have access to information and who don’t have access to information using modern technologies, increasing with internet and smart phone revolution. Digital Divide limits one’s ability to participate and keep pace with changing society and market dynamics. Compared with existing business channels such as paper media and Internet, IoT will offer new set of technological tools for businesses to compete in whole different way.  Digital Divide can limit the participation from different segments of society and can help flourish only those who have access to information through this new regime. IoT is going to further deepen this divide (H. Weber n.d.). Digital Divide needs to be addressed at international level to bridge the gap not only between individual members of society but also among developed and developing countries.

What comes next?

Big players in the market such as Samsung, Microsoft, BOSCH, SAP, Intel, CISCO, Ericsson, freescale , GE, IBM, PTC, Qualcomm, Texas Instrument, ARM, Atmel, Sony, Google etc have already started their journey towards future.

Google has recently acquired Nest, which provides home products such as thermostats and smoke alarm. Although, Google has not made any public statements about company’s intention for the deal but the direction of company is clear to industry experts. Google has also acquired Waze in 2013 for smart traffic and several other robotics companies in the recent past; Google’s Android@home project, which promises to offer one technology solution for watches; phones; tablets; TVs and cars, shows how google is preparing to capture IoT Smart Home Market; Self-driving cars project by Google set another example how IoT is going to drive the future world.

Market leader in processors; chipsets and embedded technology, Intel, has recently announced Technology for IoT-Ready Vending to leverage IoT capabilities and setup a new framework for future era of communication. Intel is also working on intelligent gateways to extend legacy system and make them future ready for IoT. (Intel Corporation n.d.)

A recent use case of iBeacon technology rolled out in Macys and Apple store in San Fransico by Apple, to collect position data via iphones, enables shopkeepers to track consumer purchase decisions and send them useful recommendations or discounts. It shows how apple is focused on making IoT a reality. (Lovejoy 2013)

QualComm has already started offering Machine-to-Machine Cellular Modules chipsets to enable solutions for M2M/ Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart homes, smart cars, smart enterprise etc. Another product line from qualcomm provides Connectivity modules to enable energy efficient and interoperable solutions for smart homes. (QualComm n.d.)

SAP, which is renowned brand in ERP solutions has stared focusing on solutions such as Remote Maintenance and service, connected retail and connected logistics to pave paths for future world. (SAP n.d.).

Recent conference by GE  on Minds + Machines shows company’s focus and future direction to leverage the power provided by IoT. (General Electronics n.d.).

Another Big market player, CISCO has started offering products to leverage IoT potential in industry verticals such Manufacturing, Mining; oil and gas; transportation and utilities.

Intelligent solutions provided by Microsoft   in retail, health and manufacturing provide other examples of what can be expected In the future market of IoT. (CISCO n.d.)

ARM , a leading semiconductor supplier,has recently acquired Sensinode Oy to Accelerate the Internet of Things and Support 30 Billion Connected Devices by 2020. Also, ARM with the help AlertMe, EnLight and IntelliSense.io has started deploying network technology numerous connected sensors in the company's premises to provide energy efficient solutions. (ARM n.d.).

These are just some of the examples to give an understanding of the bright future of IoT; there are lot more other initiatives being taken by companies to leverage the IoT world.

Conclusion:

Although there are some Challenges related to IoT ,which need to be addressed proactively to realize the dream of a connected world but the IoT provides an interesting start for a journey with full of promises and unlimited potential.

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